What science is studying.
An overview of published, peer-reviewed research on the technologies behind our systems. For each study: who took part, what was measured and a link to the source.
How to read this library
Every study has its own design, participants and protocol, with pressures, oxygen levels and numbers of sessions that differ from everyday practice. The summaries describe what was studied and found. Would you like to know what this means for your situation? We are happy to explain in person.
The studies and data come from the researchers and journals cited, not from OxyBoost. We show them for information only.
Practical explanations are in our blog and knowledge base
- HBOTReview2026
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Physical and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Mohammadi M, et al. · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity (2026)
7 studies, 502 adults aged 51–85
A systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen at 2.0–2.2 ATA in older adults. Two high-quality studies in healthy older adults reported improvements in attention, executive function, processing speed, aerobic capacity and lung function; reported side effects were generally mild.
- Mild HBOTRandomised trial2026
A randomized controlled trial of mild hyperbaric oxygen therapy on cognitive performance and sleep quality in healthy young adults at high altitude
Lin YX, et al. · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease (2026)
60 healthy young men living at 4,300 m
Over five days, a mild hyperbaric group was compared with a control group. The mild hyperbaric group showed a larger improvement in sleep quality and higher accuracy on a working-memory task, with changes in brain activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy.
- Mild HBOTCrossover study2026
Mild hyperbaric oxygen therapy on subjective sleep quality, aerobic, anaerobic exercise test, brain and muscle tissue oxygenation response in Chinese University male athletes after muscle fatigue
Qu C, et al. · BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation (2026)
12 national-level male athletes
After 90 minutes of fatiguing cycling, the athletes recovered either with mild HBOT or without it, on six consecutive days. With mild HBOT, subjective sleep quality was better, muscle and brain oxygenation were higher, and 24 hours later VO2max, peak cycling power and time to exhaustion were higher.
- Mild HBOTCrossover study2025
Mild hyperbaric hyperoxia improves aerobic capacity and suppresses cardiopulmonary stress during the maximal cycle-ergometer test
Hisamoto K, et al. · PLOS ONE (2025)
19 healthy men
Participants cycled under three conditions, including 1.3 ATA with 35% oxygen. Under mild hyperbaric conditions the work rate at the ventilatory threshold was higher, while systolic blood pressure at that threshold was lower.
- HydrogenCrossover study2025
Molecular hydrogen inhalation modulates resting metabolism in healthy females: findings from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
Grepl P, et al. · Medical Gas Research (2025)
20 physically active women
Sixty minutes of hydrogen inhalation through a nasal cannula at rest was compared with ambient air. The respiratory exchange ratio was lower with hydrogen, which the authors interpret as a shift towards fat oxidation at rest.
- Mild HBOTCrossover study2025
A study on the effect of acute hyperbaric oxygen intervention on aerobic endurance
Hu Z, et al. · Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2025)
14 healthy young men
A single 60-minute session at 1.3 ATA with 100% oxygen was compared with seated rest. Resting heart rate fell and heart rate variability rose, pointing to more parasympathetic activity; aerobic endurance did not change after this single session.
- Altitude trainingReview2025
Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia: A review with 10 years of perspective
Faiss R, et al. · Journal of Sports Sciences (2025)
Review of controlled studies
Ten years of research on sprint training in hypoxia: 77% of controlled studies reported an additional benefit over the same training in normal air, mainly for team, combat and racket sports. The review gives practical guidelines for sprint duration, rest and volume.
- IHHTCrossover study2024
Acute psycho-physiological responses to submaximal constant-load cycling under intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia vs. hypoxia-normoxia in young males
Behrendt T, et al. · PeerJ (2024)
15 healthy, recreationally active young men
Participants cycled for 40 minutes with alternating low- and high-oxygen intervals, low-oxygen and normal-air intervals, or normal air. With high-oxygen recovery intervals, oxygen saturation recovered faster and heart rate and lactate stayed lower than with normal-air intervals.
- HydrogenCrossover study2024
Inhalation of Hydrogen-rich Gas before Acute Exercise Alleviates Exercise Fatigue: A Randomized Crossover Study
Dong G, et al. · International Journal of Sports Medicine (2024)
24 healthy men
Participants inhaled hydrogen-rich gas or air for 60 minutes before an exhausting cycling test. After hydrogen they reported lower fatigue and perceived exertion, and kept their cadence better at the end of the test; jump height did not differ.
- HBOTRandomised trial2024
Physical enhancement of older adults using hyperbaric oxygen: a randomized controlled trial
Hadanny A, et al. · BMC Geriatrics (2024)
63 sedentary adults over 64
Sixty sessions at 2.0 ATA over twelve weeks were compared with a control group. The HBOT group showed a higher VO2max per kilogram, higher oxygen uptake at the first ventilatory threshold, and increased blood flow and blood volume in the heart muscle.
- HydrogenCrossover study2024
Hydrogen-Rich Gas Enhanced Sprint-Interval Performance: Metabolomic Insights into Underlying Mechanisms
Dong G, et al. · Nutrients (2024)
10 healthy men
After 60 minutes of inhaling hydrogen-rich gas or air, participants did four Wingate sprints. With hydrogen, mean power and fatigue index in the fourth sprint were better and power dropped less between the first and last sprint; blood analysis pointed to increased fat mobilisation.
- Mild HBOTCrossover study2023
Post-Exercise Hyperbaric Oxygenation Improves Recovery for Subsequent Performance
Mihailovic T, et al. · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (2023)
12 trained cyclists
After a fatiguing effort, cyclists recovered for 75 minutes either at 1.3 ATA with 97% oxygen or passively. After the mild hyperbaric recovery their power in a 5-minute maximal effort was higher, heart rate variability recovered better and perceived recovery the next day was better.
- Altitude trainingReview2023
Physiological and performance effects of live high train low altitude training for elite endurance athletes: A narrative review
Bonato G, et al. · Current Research in Physiology (2023)
Review for elite endurance athletes
Reviews 'live high, train low' in running, cycling, swimming and triathlon. After such programmes athletes often improve maximal oxygen uptake, time-trial performance and peak power; the review also summarises the hypoxic doses most often used.
- HBOTRandomised trial2022
Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Mitochondrial Respiration and Physical Performance in Middle-Aged Athletes: A Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial
Hadanny A, et al. · Sports Medicine – Open (2022)
37 healthy master athletes aged 40–50
Forty sessions at 2.0 ATA were compared with a sham protocol. The HBOT group showed higher VO2max and oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold, together with changes in mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial mass.
- Mild HBOTCrossover study2022
Mild hyperbaric oxygen for the early improvement of mood disturbance induced by high-intensity exercise
Takemura A, et al. · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (2022)
10 healthy men
After 60 minutes of intensive cycling, participants recovered for 60 minutes either at 1.3 ATA with 31% oxygen or under normal conditions. Fatigue and tension scores on a mood questionnaire fell after the mild hyperbaric session.
- IHHTReview2022
Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia–Hyperoxia on Performance- and Health-Related Outcomes in Humans: A Systematic Review
Behrendt T, et al. · Sports Medicine – Open (2022)
8 controlled studies in humans
A systematic review of chronic intermittent hypoxia–hyperoxia applied at rest. The included studies reported improvements in exercise tolerance, peak oxygen uptake and cognitive performance; the authors call for larger randomised trials.
- Mild HBOTCrossover study2022
Beneficial effects of mild hyperbaric oxygen exposure on microcirculation in peripheral tissues in healthy subjects: a pilot study
Nisa BU, et al. · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (2022)
15 healthy adults
Seventy minutes at 1.4 ATA with 35–39.5% oxygen were compared with normal air. In the mild hyperbaric condition oxygen saturation rose to 100%, heart rate fell and blood velocity and flow in the small capillaries of the finger increased.
- IHHTRandomised trial2022
Response of Circulating Inflammatory Markers to Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Training in Healthy Elderly People and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Serebrovska ZO, et al. · Life (2022)
29 adults aged 52–76
Fifteen IHHT sessions over three weeks (5 minutes at 12% oxygen, 3 minutes at 33%) were compared with sham training. After IHHT, the latency of cognitive evoked potentials improved and several circulating signalling proteins rose, which the authors see as possible triggers for cellular adaptation.
- HydrogenCrossover study2022
Molecular Hydrogen Mitigates Performance Decrement during Repeated Sprints in Professional Soccer Players
Botek M, et al. · Nutrients (2022)
16 professional football players
Players drank hydrogen-rich water or a placebo before 15 sprints of 30 metres. With hydrogen, the last sprints were 1.9–3.4% faster, pointing to less fatigue late in the test.
- HBOTReview2021
Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment—From Mechanisms to Cognitive Improvement
Gottfried I, et al. · Biomolecules (2021)
Narrative review
An overview of how oxygen under increased pressure acts at the cellular level: mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammation and the regulation of genes, and how this relates to research on cognition.
- HBOTClinical study2021
The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the pathophysiology of skin aging: a prospective clinical trial
Hachmo Y, et al. · Aging (2021)
13 healthy men around 68 years
Skin biopsies were compared after three months without intervention and after three months of daily sessions. After the sessions the researchers saw higher collagen density, longer elastic fibres, more small blood vessels and fewer senescent cells in the skin.
- HBOTClinical study2021
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy induces transcriptome changes in elderly: a prospective trial
Hadanny A, et al. · Aging (2021)
35 healthy, independently living adults aged 64+
After 60 daily sessions, the expression of 1,912 genes in whole blood had changed compared with the start. According to the authors, this is the first direct evidence in humans that the protocol is associated with changes in gene expression in a normal ageing population.
- HydrogenReview2021
Hydrogen Gas as an Exotic Performance-Enhancing Agent: Challenges and Opportunities
Ostojic SM · Current Pharmaceutical Design (2021)
Review of about two dozen trials
An overview of studies on hydrogen and exercise. Whether inhaled, drunk or infused, hydrogen appears to favourably affect several performance outcomes and markers of fatigue, inflammation and oxidative stress; the author calls for larger, longer trials and a standard protocol.
- HBOTRandomised trial2020
Cognitive enhancement of healthy older adults using hyperbaric oxygen: a randomized controlled trial
Hadanny A, et al. · Aging (2020)
63 healthy adults over 64
Over three months the HBOT group was compared with a control group. Researchers measured changes in global cognitive function, mainly attention and information processing speed, and in regional cerebral blood flow.
- HBOTClinical study2020
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases telomere length and decreases immunosenescence in isolated blood cells: a prospective trial
Hachmo Y, et al. · Aging (2020)
35 healthy, independently living adults aged 64+
Participants completed 60 daily sessions. In blood immune cells, the researchers measured longer telomeres and a lower share of senescent T cells after the programme. The study had no control group.
- Altitude trainingReview2020
An Updated Panorama of “Living Low-Training High” Altitude/Hypoxic Methods
Girard O, et al. · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living (2020)
Perspective article
Describes the 'live low, train high' methods athletes can use from home, from passive hypoxic exposure at rest to sprint and resistance training in hypoxia, and how methods can be combined.
- IHHTCrossover study2020
Redox Homeostasis in Humans Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia-Normoxia and to Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia
Susta D, et al. · High Altitude Medicine & Biology (2020)
21 healthy young men
Participants were exposed to intermittent low-oxygen air alternated with normal air or with oxygen-rich air (30–35%). Neither protocol increased oxidative stress or lowered antioxidant capacity.
- HydrogenCrossover study2020
Inhalation of molecular hydrogen increases breath acetone excretion during submaximal exercise: a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study
Hori A, et al. · Medical Gas Research (2020)
Healthy men (n = 10 and n = 6)
Participants cycled for 20 minutes at moderate intensity while inhaling 1% hydrogen or a control gas. With hydrogen, breath acetone (a marker of fat metabolism) and oxygen uptake during exercise were higher.
- Altitude trainingRandomised trial2019
Upper-body repeated-sprint training in hypoxia in international rugby union players
Beard A, et al. · European Journal of Sport Science (2019)
36 international rugby players
Players did four upper-body sprint sessions in two weeks, at a simulated 3,000 m or in normal air. Only the hypoxia group improved peak and mean power in a repeated-sprint test.
- Altitude trainingReview2019
Contemporary Periodization of Altitude Training for Elite Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review
Mujika I, et al. · Sports Medicine (2019)
Review for elite endurance athletes
How elite endurance athletes plan altitude training across a season, combining natural altitude with simulated (normobaric) hypoxia, and which blood and muscle adaptations play a role.
- Altitude trainingMeta-analysis2017
Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Sea-Level Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Brocherie F, et al. · Sports Medicine (2017)
9 controlled studies, 202 athletes
Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia was compared with the same training in normal air. It produced a larger improvement in mean repeated-sprint performance at sea level; differences in best sprint and VO2max were not significant.
- Altitude trainingRandomised trial2015
Repeated double-poling sprint training in hypoxia by competitive cross-country skiers
Faiss R, et al. · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (2015)
17 competitive cross-country skiers
Six double-poling sprint sessions at a simulated 3,000 m were compared with the same training in normal air. The hypoxia group could complete more sprints before fatigue and showed larger changes in upper-body muscle perfusion.
- HydrogenReview2015
Molecular hydrogen in sports medicine: new therapeutic perspectives
Ostojic SM · International Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)
Review
An early overview of molecular hydrogen in sport: its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its effect on cell signalling, and its potential role in exercise-induced oxidative stress and performance.
- HydrogenReview2014
Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine
Ohta S · Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014)
Review
An overview of a decade of hydrogen research: how molecular hydrogen reacts with strong oxidants, its influence on gene expression, and the ways it can be taken in, including inhalation.
- Altitude trainingReview2010
Combining hypoxic methods for peak performance
Millet GP, et al. · Sports Medicine (2010)
Review for endurance and team-sport athletes
An overview of altitude methods such as 'live high, train low' and intermittent hypoxic exposure, with practical guidance on altitude, daily dose and duration, and a proposal for combining methods within a training season.
- HBOTLaboratory study2010
Hyperbaric oxygen treatment induces antioxidant gene expression
Godman CA, et al. · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2010)
Laboratory study (human endothelial cells)
Human blood-vessel lining cells were exposed to a hyperbaric session comparable to clinical practice. Antioxidant and cell-protective genes were switched on, and the cells became more resistant to oxidative stress.
- Altitude trainingMeta-analysis2009
Sea-level exercise performance following adaptation to hypoxia: a meta-analysis
Bonetti DL, Hopkins WG · Sports Medicine (2009)
51 studies in elite and sub-elite athletes
The first meta-analysis comparing six forms of altitude and hypoxic training. 'Live high, train low' gave the clearest gains in endurance power; several artificial protocols also helped sub-elite athletes. The authors note placebo and training-camp effects as part of the picture.
- HydrogenLaboratory study2007
Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals
Ohsawa I, et al. · Nature Medicine (2007)
Laboratory study (cells and animal model)
The foundational study behind hydrogen research: in cell experiments, hydrogen selectively neutralised the hydroxyl radical while leaving other reactive oxygen species with physiological roles untouched.
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